Study herd located in Pieve S. Stefano, Tuscany, Italy. The Horse’s Hoof magazine, n° 51
INTRODUCTION
Many years ago as a university student in biology, I knew that I would have difficulty in subjects such as mathematics, physics and chemistry. What surprised me was to note the difficulty that a subject such as zoology could present—due to the enormous number of worms and insects that filled hundreds of pages of textbooks. At the time, I wasn’t very fond of these critters and couldn’t wait to study mammals, even though the metabolic and functional solutions of the former were worthy of admiration. Efficient solutions that were present in the humblest of animals were almost identical in humans, changing the needed details.
Until recently, when I felt the need to rid my horses of the parasites that plagued them, I hadn’t thought much about zoology, with its various forms of life.
Worms and insects are one of the burdens that horses and their owners must bear. In the past, it was thought that complete liberation was possible. The same was believed about the plasmodium of malaria for humans, but unfortunately, the parasite developed a resistance that has made the eradication of the disease impossible. The World Health Organization, WHO, has long settled on a more humble control.
In the past 50 years, various types of dewormers have been produced and alternated on the market at ten year intervals. Some of these products are still somewhat useful and sold commercially. All have slowly lost much of their efficiency, because the parasites, or better to say some of them, have developed a certain resistance over time, and survive the recommended dose that doesn’t seem to have recognizable side effects on the horse. From the arrogant claim of complete eradication, we have passed to a more attainable objective—simply controlling their number. Pharmaceutical companies exert pressure on vets and owners for a more knowledgeable use of their drugs, and to reduce the infestation of pastures through management behaviors which involve cleaning, field rotation, and the addition of other herbivores to share pastures. Ultimately, a combination of drugs and horse management procedures are implemented to control the diffusion of parasites.
Knowing about the life cycle of parasites and their strategies for survival would surely help owners in controlling them. I don’t intend to repeat a lesson on parasites here that can easily be found in books or on the internet. Without going into details that wouldn’t interest most owners, a few years ago, the “Bad Bug” series of articles in The Horse was both thorough and simple. There were 12 articles, one per month, starting in January 2004. With an online membership, you can download here.
A few months ago I bought a short course by Dr. Kellon on the subject to see if I could learn something new: Deworming.
Many universities publish parasitological monographs online:
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/parasit06/website/index.htm
http://veterinaria.uniba.it/parassitologia/LettureA.html
Numerous other sites, both professional and non, give an introduction to this tiny world. For example:
http://www.leica-microsystems.com/products/by-application/education
http://www.amicidelmicroscopio.it/index.php
In synthesis, it isn’t efficient to indiscriminately and periodically deworm all the animals in a herd or the only horse in the yard.
- Some animals have low parasite counts and undergo a metabolic shock without due cause.
- Money is wasted by not identifying the animals with low parasite counts and treating them anyway.
- Treating animals that are scarcely infected, but possible carriers of parasites resistant to the drug used, favors the resistant strain, by eliminating its competitors.
- By not checking the effectiveness after treatment, eventual resistant strains aren’t recognized and dealt with. The animal is at great risk!
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The most efficient method of analysis can’t be qualitative and the simple observation of parasitic eggs in the feces isn’t enough. We need to:
- Quantify the presence of parasites in each individual of the herd (or our single beloved horse) and decide whether or not to administer a dewormer.
- Decide which dewormer to use based on past experience.
- Verify its effectiveness.
- Plan future observations and eventual treatments.
This is not something that is highly complicated. The procedures are simple, and the materials and instruments can be obtained at the same cost as a used saddle. Observations can easily be done by whoever has the patience to learn how, alone or with the help of a qualified professional.
For a description of analytical methods and an overview of the life cycle of parasites, see the articles and courses listed earlier. The analytical method can also be found on the Chalex Corp. website. American citizens can buy the counting slides, suitable microscopes and simple glass accessories directly from them: www.vetslides.com. You may not necessarily have to buy a microscope. You could find one in your child’s high school and get his science teacher involved, ask your vet if you could use his, offer a beer to your doctor…
In short, you must:
- Gather a small weight or volume of each sample of feces.
- Add the sample to a given quantity of solution (prepared at home or bought commercially).
- Put a small amount of this fecal solution on a counting slide.
- Count the parasitic eggs present on the slide that has a grid printed on it.
- Multiply the number of eggs found by a constant to obtain the number of eggs in one gram of feces, and therefore the level of infection.
FIELD PRACTICE
To site an example and illustrate the practicality of this system, I’ll describe a recent study done in Tuscany, Italy, on 18 school horses sharing a 90 hectare pasture. The horses are all barefoot and of various breeds and ages, and earn a living in a natural equitation center directed by a 3 star Parelli instructor who generically dewormed the herd 8 months previous to this study. All but two of the horses, indicated on the graph with “mare DE” and “foal DE,” are veterans of the location and have had similar diets and lifestyles. The two guests are a mare and her foal, both of which were stabled until their transfer from Germany to the center for training. The mare left before the second observation was done.
In order to gather the manure needed, the horses were temporarily transferred twice into previously cleaned single paddocks for a few hours.
1st Observation and Treatment
The results of the observations and FEC (fecal egg count) of strongyles are represented on the graph (shown next page).
Roundworms were very rare and randomly present in the group.
- Some animals showed results of being barely infected.
The methods used in biology have a given sensitivity and limit and therefore exclusion of parasites is impossible. The specific method in this case (modified McMuster) sets the minimum limit at 25 eggs per gram. A FEC below this limit can only be considered low and the number of eggs in the sample is established as inferior to 25/gr.
In microscopic observations, strongyles and roundworms can easily be seen. Other parasites are difficult to trace. Flatworms, above all, deposit their eggs in a discontinuous manner. Not finding their eggs does not necessarily mean that there are none. Finding them is an occasional event. Horses that were without any eggs in the observations were assigned a FEC of 25 on the graphs, so that the position of the animal and its relative importance in the herd is evident.
- Some animals showed results of having a scarce or average infection.
- Some animals were highly infected and therefore at risk AND heavy depositors of eggs in the pasture.
More adult worms in the intestinal lumen means more eggs in the pasture. Strangely enough, the individual with the highest infection was one of the guest animals, a three year old filly that had previously lived in a stable and not at pasture, and that was periodically treated with dewormers.
Treatment
It was decided to treat initially the animals with a FEC above 500 eggs per gram.
There have been 3 levels of infection found by many parasitologists.
- Low if below 150 eggs per gram of feces.
- Medium if between 150 and 500 eggs per gram.
- High if above 500 eggs per gram.
Usually a FEC of 150 would be considered the limit for an intervention with treatment.
Study horses in Tuscany, Italy: 18 school horses sharing a 90 hectare pasture. To gather manure, they were temporarily transferred into previously cleaned single paddocks for a few hours.
The motive behind the choice to initially only treat the animals with a FEC above 500 comes from the present article and is based upon the need to respect the owner’s idea of natural herd management and to limit certain metabolic disturbances caused by the drugs. Some of the horses in the herd have a more or less recent history of laminitis and any treatment, be it deworming, vaccinations etc., must be carefully evaluated.
An example—a summary of Dr. Ward’s research “ Vaccines and vaccinations” can be seen on my website in both Italian and English, and suggests a connection between vaccinations and laminitis: www.bitlessandbarefoot-studio.org/vaccini-e-vaccinosi/
2nd Observation
After treating the animals with a FEC higher than 500 with Ivermectin, a second important observation was performed.
The treatment had positive results on the six horses treated, five of which decreased infection by 99% and one by 98%.
Regarding the results, I must say that even though I am familiar with laboratory research and analysis, and that I used a method of gathering the feces and recording the observations as standard as possible, the contamination of a sample or an error is always possible and facilitated by the working environment.
The purpose of the second observation is to verify the actual reduction of the parasite infection. A reduction inferior to 98% would be by convention considered unsuccessful and would indicate resistance to the drug by some parasites.
The second observation on the animals that weren’t treated is also fundamental, yet always ignored. It is needed to confirm the outcome of the first observation, and retrieve other animals for treatment. It is a type of litmus test.
Two individuals among the horses that weren’t treated showed a substantial increase in FEC in the second observation.
One horse that went from a FEC of 350 to 925 was subsequently treated showing the importance of the second observation on all the animals in the herd!
The other individual showed an increase in FEC from 300 to 425 and made us think… This horse has had a difficult history of laminitis and even though there was the desire to disinfect strongly, it was decided to wait until the autumn to treat him, so that the larvae of other parasites could also be eliminated with a single treatment. In fact, in autumn, the adult bot insects die off and stop laying eggs on the legs of the horses (which cause infection after they are swallowed).
Figure 1: Blue bars represents 1st Observation; Yellow bars are 2nd Observation.
Mare DE and Foal DE were guests in the structure, the rest of the horses form a stable herd.
* FEC level established at 25 means no eggs were found.
** 1 egg found in second observation, FEC level established at 25. 98% of adult worms were eliminated.
Figure 2: Percentages refer to the first observation and FEC.
“5 horses” is cumulative and refers to the 5 horses with negative first observations.
12 horses deposit all together 13% of the total eggs while 6 horses deposit 87%!
REMARKS
- The considerable variation in fecal eggs count among the animals named Oakie and Shiva, with a medium infection, is an indicator of the limits in the procedure and the need to do a second observation including the animals that weren’t treated. It’s important that each individual be safely collocated as having a low, medium, or high level of infection.
- Criticisms and remarks can be made as always on the procedure used and its application. Each horse is a unique case. Each situation is a special case and needs to be elaborated to incur the least risk. The risk is not a mathematical equation and must be evaluated subjectively and determined by the general health of the animal.
- A more informed and specific use of dewormers is more respectful of the animal’s well-being and helps safeguard the drugs themselves that, if used carelessly, accelerate the selection of resistant strains which can’t be decimated in the future.
- The guest filly, “foal DE,” is a perfect example of the huge error committed when a drug is repeatedly given without verifying its effectiveness. The filly had taken large quantities of a drug to which parasites were resistant.
- By identifying the individuals with a stronger immune system, breeders would be able to select better horses. If we consider that the new frontier in the development of new dewormers is just that, to strengthen the immune system, then the advantages are evident.
- Good feet and parasite resistance for strong and easily manageable horses! Why don’t we add parasite resistance to good feet and other characteristics in guiding the choice of brood mares and stallions?
- Observing and counting eggs in the feces of a new horse before entering a herd or group would allow the owner /breeder to make useful considerations and take appropriate precautions.
- In the long term, monitoring the population would help pinpoint more adequate measures and save a significant amount of money on drugs.
- Verifying that 98-99% of the parasites have been eliminated after using a drug that is not one of the most recent on the market permits us to save the best weapons for the future. On this subject, I can only advise further reading.
- Old and surpassed methods of alternating drugs, periodically deworming at close intervals and random deworming all have shortcomings and present risks of harming the animal. They are similar to area bombing without surveying from the air. Many damages and chance results.
I thank Mr. Edwin Wittwer for his hospitality at Asvanara and Mrs.
Meg Lynner for the translation, and my wife Rossella for the graphs.
For comments and additional information I can be freely contacted at:
dr.francobelmonte@gmail.com
www.bitlessandbarefoot- studio.org
About the author: Franco Belmonte is a biologist who lives in Italy. He created the Bitlessandbarefoot-studio Association, and takes care of its website (www.bitlessandbarefoot- studio.org — an educational site in both Italian and English). His barefoot horses pull carriages and work in the fields. His work consists of practicing, teaching, and spreading the barefoot method and techniques. He organizes seminars on barefoot and other topics, such as parasitology and systems of parasite control in horses. You can read more about Franco in his previous articles in The Horse’s Hoof Magazine PDF editions 42 and 46.